top of page

Thyroid nodules

Thyroid nodules are growths or lumps that develop within the thyroid gland, which is located at the base of the neck. These nodules are relatively common, and while most are non-cancerous (benign), some may be cancerous or pose other health risks. 

 

This page will provide information on the types of thyroid nodules, their symptoms, how they are diagnosed, and the treatment options that Dr Fragkiadakis can offer.

What Are Thyroid Nodules?

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and other critical functions. A thyroid nodule is any growth of tissue within the thyroid gland. Most thyroid nodules are benign, but a small percentage can be cancerous.

Why did I get a thyroid nodule?

The exact cause of thyroid nodules is not always clear, but several factors can contribute to their development:

  • Iodine deficiency: A lack of iodine in the diet can lead to thyroid dysfunction and the formation of nodules.

  • Age and Gender: Thyroid nodules are more common in women, particularly in those over the age of 60.

  • Family history: A family history of thyroid disorders or thyroid cancer can increase the likelihood of developing thyroid nodules.

  • Autoimmune diseases: Conditions such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (an autoimmune thyroid disorder) can lead to the formation of nodules.

  • Radiation exposure: Previous exposure to radiation, especially during childhood, increases the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer.

What symptoms can I get?

Most thyroid nodules do not cause noticeable symptoms, and many people may have them without being aware. However, larger nodules or those that grow rapidly may cause certain symptoms, including:

  • A visible lump in the neck (sometimes seen or felt when swallowing)

  • Difficulty swallowing or breathing (if the nodule presses on the oesophagus or windpipe)

  • Hoarseness or changes in the voice

  • Pain in the neck or throat (in rare cases)

  • Thyroid dysfunction symptoms, such as weight changes, fatigue, or changes in heart rate, especially if the nodule is producing excess thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)

  • Swollen lymph nodes (may be present in cases of thyroid cancer)

How Are Thyroid Nodules Diagnosed?

If you notice any symptoms or a lump in your neck, it’s important to seek medical attention. Dr Fragkiadakis will perform a series of tests to determine whether a thyroid nodule is benign or malignant.

1. Physical Examination

The doctor will start by performing a thorough physical examination of your neck, palpating the thyroid area for any lumps or irregularities. They will also ask about your medical history and any symptoms you're experiencing.

2. Ultrasound

A thyroid ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the thyroid gland. The ultrasound can help determine the size, shape, and characteristics of the nodule (solid or cystic) and whether it may have features consistent with cancer.

3. Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy

If the ultrasound shows suspicious characteristics, you might need toa have a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. During this procedure, a thin needle is inserted into the nodule to remove a small sample of cells, which is then examined under a microscope for signs of cancer.

4. Thyroid Function Tests

Blood tests can measure the levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in your body. These tests can help determine if the thyroid nodule is affecting thyroid function (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism).

5. CT or MRI Scan

In rare cases, the doctor may recommend a CT scan or MRI to get a more detailed view of the thyroid gland and surrounding structures, especially if the nodule is large extending below the collar bone or if there are concerns about lymph node involvement and cancer.

Treatment Options for Thyroid Nodules

Treatment for thyroid nodules depends on several factors, including the size of the nodule, whether it is benign or cancerous, and whether it is affecting thyroid function.

1. Observation and Monitoring

If the nodule is small, benign, and not causing any symptoms, there is no need for any further follow up.

If the nodule is indeterminate or unclear on the FNA result the doctor may recommend to either repeat the fine needle aspiration biopsy, or to simply monitor the nodule with regular follow-up ultrasounds or to proceed with surgical resection  hemithyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy and thyroid function tests. Many benign nodules do not require active treatment unless they are big enough to cause compression symptoms.

2. Medications

  • Thyroid Hormone Therapy: If the nodule does not have any features being cancerous and the thyroid is underactive, thyroid hormone medication may be needed.

  • Antithyroid Medications: If the nodule is causing hyperthyroidism, medications may be used to control hormone production.

3. Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy Follow-Up

For suspicious nodules, an FNA biopsy may be needed to confirm whether the nodule is benign or cancerous. If the result is an inadequate sample (thy1 on the FNA report) a repeat FNA is recommended. If the result is benign (thy2 on the FNA report) , usually there is no need for further treatment, unless it causing compression symptoms. If the result is indeterminate (thy3a or thy3f on the FNA report), then repeat FNA or surgery are recommended. Finally if the result is suspicious for cancer (thy4) or certain for cancer (thy5), then surgery is recommended. Dr Fragkiadakis will guide you to make the necessary decision.

4. Surgical Treatment

If a thyroid nodule is large, causing symptoms (e.g., difficulty swallowing or breathing), suspicious or confirmed to be cancerous, surgery may be required. The surgery involves removing part or all of the thyroid gland.

There are different approaches:

5. Radioactive Iodine Therapy

For certain cases, particularly thyroid cancer or overactive thyroid nodules (hyperthyroidism), radioactive iodine therapy may be used to shrink or destroy thyroid tissue. This therapy is typically used after surgery to treat cancer or as an alternative to surgery in case of hyperthyroidism.

If you have any further queries call 02087207499 or email contact@entgeorge.com

Book an appointment

Dr. George

Book online an appointment

If you are experiencing ongoing ENT symptoms or

need specialist advice , we’re here to help.

Early diagnosis leads to better outcomes — don’t ignore persistent ear, nose,

or throat symptoms.

bottom of page